Calouste Gulbenkian Museum, Modern Collection, Lisbon, Portugal

Material : Oil and collage on canvas Modern Collection Inv. : 68P10

BIOGRAPHY

Amadeo de Souza-Cardoso moved to Paris in 1906. He was 19 and wanted to continue the studies in architecture that he had begun in Lisbon. The vibrancy of the Parisian artistic milieu radically affected his destiny, leading him onto the path of painting. In 1907, taken by the drawings he received from Paris, the writer Manuel Laranjeira (1877-1912) already hailed his young friend as “an artist in the absolute meaning of the word.”

Amadeo was born in his parents’ farm in Manhufe, Amarante (Portugal), in 14 November 1887. He grew up among nine siblings, in a wealthy family of rural proprietors. He spent his childhood between the house in Manhufe and the summer resorts at the Espinho beach. There he met Manuel Laranjeira, a friendship that was decisive to fuel the practice of drawing, which Amadeo developed in Lisbon as part of the preparatory studies in Architecutre at the Lisbon Academy of Fine Arts. This was in 1905.

The trip to Paris, in November of the following year, in the company of Francisco Smith, had no fixed return date. Financed by his parents, Amadeo settled in at Boulevard Montparnasse and made preparations for the contest to the École des Beaux Arts. However, the Parisian atmosphere reinforced his inclination for drawing and caricature, thus contributing to remove himself apart definitively from the field of Architecture. Particularly influenced by the illustrations circulating in the French press, Amadeo would soon enough devote himself to drawing and painting.

The first years of Amadeo’s stay in Paris were marked by the social interactions with other Portuguese émigrés. The studio he rented at 14, Cité Falguiére became a place for gatherings and bohemia, with the frequent presence of artists such as Manuel Bentes, Eduardo Viana (who went with him on a trip to Brittany in 1907), Emmerico Nunes, Domingos Rebelo and Smith. These regular get-togethers did not last long. With the end of 1908, and beginning of the following year, came important changes to Amadeo’s life: he met Lucia Pecetto (1890-1989), who he married in 1914, and he began attending the classes by Spanish painter Anglada-Camarasa (1871-1959) at Academia Viti. He then moved his studio to rue des Fleurus, to a space contiguous to Gertrude Stein’s apartment. These changes might have helped to distance him from the circuit of Portuguese artists. But that voluntary detachment seemed to convey, primarily, a rupture at the visual level and a willingness to break with the “belated routine” he attributed to them. The level of exigency and commitment to the work that he was already producing by then, placed him in a realm that was unparalleled in Portuguese painting, since Amadeo plunged deeply into the investigations of the International Modernism being developed in Paris. It is in that context of formal research that, in 1910, we shall find him excited about the paintings of the Flemish “Primitives” (over a 3-month stay in Brussels). It is also in this period that we find him solidifying his friendship with Amedeo Modigliani (1884-1920).

In 1911, Amadeo moved his studio once again. He relocated close to Quai d’Orsay, at rue du Colonel Combes. In October, he took part in an exhibition with Modigliani in this space. This was not, however, the first show of his oeuvre. Some months before, Amadeo had displayed a collection of 6 paintings at the Salon des Indépendents. He would exhibit there again in the following year and in 1914. Likewise, he showed his work at the Salon d’Automne between 1912 and 1914. In the meantime, his circle of friends and acquaintances increased and became more international. He met Umberto Boccioni, Gino Severini, and Walter Pach, who later invited him to participate at the Armory Show. He was also in contact with Juan Gris (1887-1927), Max Jacob (1879-1944), Sonia and Robert Delaunay, Brancusi (1876-1957), Archipenko (1887-1964), Umberto Brunelleschi (1879-1947) and Diego Rivera (1886-1957), among others.

Amadeo’s interest in drawing consolidated throughout this period with the preparation of the illustrated manuscript of Flaubert’s Légende de Saint Julien L’Hospitalier* and the publication of the XX Dessins album (reissued by CAM in 1983), with a preface by Jérôme Doucet, which earned a very favourable judgment by the renowned critic Louis Vauxcelles.

Amadeo would also endeavour to showcase his painting outside of the Parisian circuit. The contacts he established during these years would allow him to participate in a series of important group exhibitions, among which the famous International Exhibition of Modern Art in 1913, also known as the Armory Show, that displayed European modern art for the first time in the USA (New York, Chicago and Boston). Amadeo submitted a total of eight works, alongside Braque (1882-1963), Matisse, Duchamp (1887-1968), Gleizes (1881-1953), Herbin and Segonzac (1884-1974). Three of his canvases were bought by the Chicago collector Arthur J. Eddy, who, upon publishing cubist and Post-Impressionism (1914), cited and reproduced some of the works by the Portuguese painter, giving him prominence because of his colouring. Other important contacts would take Amadeo to Germany. In September 1913, after yet another studio relocation (which led him to settle in Montparnasse, at rue Ernest Cresson), he would be represented at the I Herbstsalon in Berlin, organized by the Der Sturm gallery. Amadeo had already worked with this Berlin gallery in November 1912, when he first exhibited in their space. It is highly likely that in 1914 he participated in shows in Cologne and Hamburg, and it is certain that, in April of the same year, he sent three works to the Royal Academy of Arts in London, although this exhibition was to be cancelled as the War broke out.

Also in 1914, before leaving Paris to spend the summer in Portugal as usual, Amadeo moved his studio to Vila Louvat, at 38 rue Boulard. However, he would never use this space. After a brief stay in Barcelona where he visited his friend, the sculptor León Solá, and met Gaudí, Amadeo returned to Manhufe where he was surprised by the outbreak of the War, which kept him from going back to Paris.

Amadeo’s forced stay in Portugal was not tantamount to a creative apathy. If, whilst in Paris, his work had explored the fields of abstraction, and then followed through paths compromised with Expressionism, the exile in Portugal would end up becoming a moment of full maturity in his painting, approaching many of the questions that were raised by the domain of collage.

In 1915, the isolation of Amadeo in Amarante was broken by the contact with Sonia and Robert Delaunay, as they were both also unexpectedly brought to settle in Vila do Conde because of the War. It was through them that his circle of relations recuperated Eduardo Viana, and extended to Almada Negreiros. Within this cluster of friendships, diverse projects would coalesce, namely the creation of a Corporation Nouvelle destined to promote international touring exhibitions, an idea which never came to fruition. Meanwhile, through Almada, Amadeo got in contact with the group of the Lisbon “Futuristas,” initially gathered around the Orpheu magazine.

In the struggle to stir things up in the Portuguese artistic milieu, Amadeo played a discreet, yet relevant role. By the late 1916, in a known interview he gave to the O Dia newspaper, he largely paraphrased Marinetti’s manifestos. Not that the propositions of Futurism captivated him as a formal solution. The radical, modernist stance associated with this movement in Portugal, was nevertheless convenient to Amadeo, as a means of intervention and a conduit to break with the dominant traditionalist structures, which had attacked him on occasion of the only two exhibitions he made in Portugal before his death.

In December 1916 Amadeo promoted, first in Porto and then in Lisbon, an exhibition for which he had gathered 114 paintings under the title Abstraccionismo. The mismatched aesthetic culture in Portugal foiled a favourable reception of Amadeo’s pictorial propositions, and these shows acquired an aura of scandal (marked, in the extreme, by a physical assault to the painter). It is important to emphasize, in this context, the central role taken by Almada Negreiros and Fernando Pessoa in his public defence. Both recognised him as the most significant painter of their time. But these were, notwithstanding, eccentric and isolated manifestations.

In October 1918, Amadeo died in Espinho, the victim of an epidemic of pneumonia which erupted that year. He was only 30 years old.

Joana Cunha Leal

May 2010

• The manuscript is part of the CAM collection. In 2006, on occasion of the exhibition Amadeo de Souza-Cardoso – Diálogo de Vanguardas, CAM and Assírio & Alvim published it in a facsimile edition, under the title A Lenda de São Julião Hospitaleiro.

ABOUT THE WORK

This collage-painting maintains a connection to popular culture which characterizes the majority of Amadeo’s works. Between other works of the same period (1917), Máquina registadora [Cash Register] distinguishes itself through the representation it proposes: it establishes the motive – the “cash register” which gives the painting its name – not only in the centre of the representation, but also in the centre of the action it articulates. This action involves the profiled figure drawn on the top left-hand corner and another to which the robotic arm, animated by Delaunayian discs, belongs. As we are confronted with a cash register, it is legitimate to presume that the action will imply some sort of commercial exchange and presupposes the agreement and acceptance of the laws of the market, which stipulate not the name of things, but their exchange value.

With this in mind, we can recognize in Cash Register at least two legitimate levels of reading. The first identifies the primacy of the referent and classifies this work as a representation, without underestimating the force of painting or the subversive trait of collage. Thus, this reading heightens the fragmentation and the intersection of the other pictorial planes, the different textures the paint acquires on these surfaces, the importance of the play of stenciled numbers and letters (but this time we do not find the stenciled “signature” of the artist), the recurrence of the motif of the Wotan lamp and the use of collage and mirrors cut into small rectangles – of which the most visible appears where we would expect to find the detailed features of the profile of the hypothetical buyer. It would, in addition, notice two relatively large areas covered in white paint, through which Amadeo introduces a kind of play between voids, apparent shapes of non-painting within painting itself (and there is, indeed, a third shape, corresponding to the register’s paper roll).

The second level of reading is more conjectural, for it remembers, beginning with this prosaic motive, that the commercial metaphor evokes, as well, part of the very etymological root of the word “representation”: a term which also assigns the idea of “complete equivalence”, like the one presumably established between money and an acquired good when one assumes that money represents the exact value of what is bought. Cash Register shows us, thus, that the capacity for analyzing the processes of significance associated to the vanguards that preceded the First World War (and particularly to the revolution of techniques of collage) does not force us to discard the reference towards the ‘real’ world. This world remains alive and relevant to the production of meaning because, as Amadeo knew, there are many ways of dislocating and questioning the hegemonic place that mimetic illusionism had assigned it, of which not all imply an ashamed retreat.

SOURCE: Calouste Gulbenkian Museum, Modern Collection

Museu Nacional de Arte Contemporânea (Museu do Chiado), MNAC, Lisbon, Portugal

Collection: Calouste Gulbenkian Museum, Modern Collection

BIOGRAPHY

Amadeo de Souza-Cardoso moved to Paris in 1906. He was 19 and wanted to continue the studies in architecture that he had begun in Lisbon. The vibrancy of the Parisian artistic milieu radically affected his destiny, leading him onto the path of painting. In 1907, taken by the drawings he received from Paris, the writer Manuel Laranjeira (1877-1912) already hailed his young friend as “an artist in the absolute meaning of the word.”

Amadeo was born in his parents’ farm in Manhufe, Amarante (Portugal), in 14 November 1887. He grew up among nine siblings, in a wealthy family of rural proprietors. He spent his childhood between the house in Manhufe and the summer resorts at the Espinho beach. There he met Manuel Laranjeira, a friendship that was decisive to fuel the practice of drawing, which Amadeo developed in Lisbon as part of the preparatory studies in Architecutre at the Lisbon Academy of Fine Arts. This was in 1905.

The trip to Paris, in November of the following year, in the company of Francisco Smith, had no fixed return date. Financed by his parents, Amadeo settled in at Boulevard Montparnasse and made preparations for the contest to the École des Beaux Arts. However, the Parisian atmosphere reinforced his inclination for drawing and caricature, thus contributing to remove himself apart definitively from the field of Architecture. Particularly influenced by the illustrations circulating in the French press, Amadeo would soon enough devote himself to drawing and painting.

The first years of Amadeo’s stay in Paris were marked by the social interactions with other Portuguese émigrés. The studio he rented at 14, Cité Falguiére became a place for gatherings and bohemia, with the frequent presence of artists such as Manuel Bentes, Eduardo Viana (who went with him on a trip to Brittany in 1907), Emmerico Nunes, Domingos Rebelo and Smith. These regular get-togethers did not last long. With the end of 1908, and beginning of the following year, came important changes to Amadeo’s life: he met Lucia Pecetto (1890-1989), who he married in 1914, and he began attending the classes by Spanish painter Anglada-Camarasa (1871-1959) at Academia Viti. He then moved his studio to rue des Fleurus, to a space contiguous to Gertrude Stein’s apartment. These changes might have helped to distance him from the circuit of Portuguese artists. But that voluntary detachment seemed to convey, primarily, a rupture at the visual level and a willingness to break with the “belated routine” he attributed to them. The level of exigency and commitment to the work that he was already producing by then, placed him in a realm that was unparalleled in Portuguese painting, since Amadeo plunged deeply into the investigations of the International Modernism being developed in Paris. It is in that context of formal research that, in 1910, we shall find him excited about the paintings of the Flemish “Primitives” (over a 3-month stay in Brussels). It is also in this period that we find him solidifying his friendship with Amedeo Modigliani (1884-1920).

In 1911, Amadeo moved his studio once again. He relocated close to Quai d’Orsay, at rue du Colonel Combes. In October, he took part in an exhibition with Modigliani in this space. This was not, however, the first show of his oeuvre. Some months before, Amadeo had displayed a collection of 6 paintings at the Salon des Indépendents. He would exhibit there again in the following year and in 1914. Likewise, he showed his work at the Salon d’Automne between 1912 and 1914. In the meantime, his circle of friends and acquaintances increased and became more international. He met Umberto Boccioni, Gino Severini, and Walter Pach, who later invited him to participate at the Armory Show. He was also in contact with Juan Gris (1887-1927), Max Jacob (1879-1944), Sonia and Robert Delaunay, Brancusi (1876-1957), Archipenko (1887-1964), Umberto Brunelleschi (1879-1947) and Diego Rivera (1886-1957), among others.

Amadeo’s interest in drawing consolidated throughout this period with the preparation of the illustrated manuscript of Flaubert’s Légende de Saint Julien L’Hospitalier* and the publication of the XX Dessins album (reissued by CAM in 1983), with a preface by Jérôme Doucet, which earned a very favourable judgment by the renowned critic Louis Vauxcelles.

Amadeo would also endeavour to showcase his painting outside of the Parisian circuit. The contacts he established during these years would allow him to participate in a series of important group exhibitions, among which the famous International Exhibition of Modern Art in 1913, also known as the Armory Show, that displayed European modern art for the first time in the USA (New York, Chicago and Boston). Amadeo submitted a total of eight works, alongside Braque (1882-1963), Matisse, Duchamp (1887-1968), Gleizes (1881-1953), Herbin and Segonzac (1884-1974). Three of his canvases were bought by the Chicago collector Arthur J. Eddy, who, upon publishing cubist and Post-Impressionism (1914), cited and reproduced some of the works by the Portuguese painter, giving him prominence because of his colouring. Other important contacts would take Amadeo to Germany. In September 1913, after yet another studio relocation (which led him to settle in Montparnasse, at rue Ernest Cresson), he would be represented at the I Herbstsalon in Berlin, organized by the Der Sturm gallery. Amadeo had already worked with this Berlin gallery in November 1912, when he first exhibited in their space. It is highly likely that in 1914 he participated in shows in Cologne and Hamburg, and it is certain that, in April of the same year, he sent three works to the Royal Academy of Arts in London, although this exhibition was to be cancelled as the War broke out.

Also in 1914, before leaving Paris to spend the summer in Portugal as usual, Amadeo moved his studio to Vila Louvat, at 38 rue Boulard. However, he would never use this space. After a brief stay in Barcelona where he visited his friend, the sculptor León Solá, and met Gaudí, Amadeo returned to Manhufe where he was surprised by the outbreak of the War, which kept him from going back to Paris.

Amadeo’s forced stay in Portugal was not tantamount to a creative apathy. If, whilst in Paris, his work had explored the fields of abstraction, and then followed through paths compromised with Expressionism, the exile in Portugal would end up becoming a moment of full maturity in his painting, approaching many of the questions that were raised by the domain of collage.

In 1915, the isolation of Amadeo in Amarante was broken by the contact with Sonia and Robert Delaunay, as they were both also unexpectedly brought to settle in Vila do Conde because of the War. It was through them that his circle of relations recuperated Eduardo Viana, and extended to Almada Negreiros. Within this cluster of friendships, diverse projects would coalesce, namely the creation of a Corporation Nouvelle destined to promote international touring exhibitions, an idea which never came to fruition. Meanwhile, through Almada, Amadeo got in contact with the group of the Lisbon “Futuristas,” initially gathered around the Orpheu magazine.

In the struggle to stir things up in the Portuguese artistic milieu, Amadeo played a discreet, yet relevant role. By the late 1916, in a known interview he gave to the O Dia newspaper, he largely paraphrased Marinetti’s manifestos. Not that the propositions of Futurism captivated him as a formal solution. The radical, modernist stance associated with this movement in Portugal, was nevertheless convenient to Amadeo, as a means of intervention and a conduit to break with the dominant traditionalist structures, which had attacked him on occasion of the only two exhibitions he made in Portugal before his death.

In December 1916 Amadeo promoted, first in Porto and then in Lisbon, an exhibition for which he had gathered 114 paintings under the title Abstraccionismo. The mismatched aesthetic culture in Portugal foiled a favourable reception of Amadeo’s pictorial propositions, and these shows acquired an aura of scandal (marked, in the extreme, by a physical assault to the painter). It is important to emphasize, in this context, the central role taken by Almada Negreiros and Fernando Pessoa in his public defence. Both recognised him as the most significant painter of their time. But these were, notwithstanding, eccentric and isolated manifestations.

In October 1918, Amadeo died in Espinho, the victim of an epidemic of pneumonia which erupted that year. He was only 30 years old.

Joana Cunha Leal

May 2010

• The manuscript is part of the CAM collection. In 2006, on occasion of the exhibition Amadeo de Souza-Cardoso – Diálogo de Vanguardas, CAM and Assírio & Alvim published it in a facsimile edition, under the title A Lenda de São Julião Hospitaleiro.

SOURCE: Calouste Gulbenkian Museum, Modern Collection