1title: Calendar British Library Add MS 42131 f3r
artist: unknown
date: between circa 1414 and circa 1422
medium: Technique Illumination parchment
current location: Institution:British Library
source: British Library image|url=link MS 18850
credit: This file has been provided by the British Library from its digital collections. It is also made available on a British Library website.
Catalogue entry: Add MS 18850description:
calendar page; from BL Add MS 42131, f. 3r (the "Bedford Psalter and Hours"). Held and digitised by the British Library.license:Public domain
2title: Newly Compiled Pocket Astrological Calendar
artist: Lei, Yingfa
date: between 1280 and 1368
medium: ru 1=Книги fr 1=Livres en 1=Books zh 1=图书 pt 1=Livros ar 1=كتب es 1=Libros
dimensions: en 1=2 volumes ; 15.6 x 12 centimeters
current location: ru|1=Национальная центральная библиотека fr|1=Bibliothèque centrale nationale en|1=National Central Library zh|1=国立中央图书馆 pt|1=Biblioteca Nacional Central ar|1=المكتبة المركزية الوطنية es|1=Biblioteca Nacional Central
description: This calendar was compiled by Lei Yingfa of the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368). The pocket-size book in two volumes has 66 pages. The paper is a dark yellow; the character type is of the early Yuan dynasty. The surface of the printed pages is blurred and the paper has suffered some damage. The calendar is based on the 60-year cycle, and records dates by year, month, and day. The title and the name of the compiler appear on the first leaf. The label at the end of the first essay reads Lei shi jin nang (Lei’s pocket calendar); at the end of the second essay, Jian chi wu jia zhi bao (Priceless treasure of the sword pond); at the end of the third, Yi lan wu yi (Taking in everything in a glance). The work discusses yin and yang, directions and locations, good and bad luck, and the selection of days for assuming an official position, weddings, construction, moving into a new house, and burial. It also discusses jiu gong (nine palaces), the sun, the path of Jupiter, the nine constellations, and dou jian (the Dipper determinant, i.e., the stellar pointer on the handle of the Dipper), an ancient chinese method of calculating the 24 divisions of the solar year. The calendar is similar to those of later generations, but its special feature is its small size. Each single page has 12 vertical lines, with 24 characters in each line. Leaves 45–48 are left blank. Since before the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC), the chinese believed in the influence of the stars and planets on human affairs. Astronomical calendars were used not only to mark times and dates, but to predict good and bad luck and to guide people in their daily activities. Some calendars provided astronomical prognostications to guide the affairs of the state and military. Such calendars were controlled by the imperial court. Other calendars, together with geomancy, were used to predict the fate and fortunes of individuals. This work, a rare extant copy that has several seal impressions, belongs to the latter type.
Astrology, chinese; calendar, chinese; Calendars; Divinationlicense:Public domain
3title: Enlightening the Bewildered about the New Calendar
artist: Schall von Bell, Johann Adam, 1592-1666
date: 1833
medium: ru 1=Книги fr 1=Livres en 1=Books zh 1=图书 pt 1=Livros ar 1=كتب es 1=Libros
dimensions: en 1=1 juan in 1 volume
current location: ru|1=Национальная центральная библиотека fr|1=Bibliothèque centrale nationale en|1=National Central Library zh|1=国立中央图书馆 pt|1=Biblioteca Nacional Central ar|1=المكتبة المركزية الوطنية es|1=Biblioteca Nacional Central
description: Xin li xiao huo (Enlightening the bewildered about the new calendar) is by Tang Ruowang, the chinese name of Johann Adam Schall von Bell (circa 1592–1666), the German Jesuit missionary and astronomer who became an important adviser to the first emperor of the Qing dynasty. Schall had trained in Rome in the astronomical system of Galileo. He arrived in Macao in 1619, where he studied chinese and mathematics, and reached the chinese mainland in 1622. After impressing the chinese with the superiority of Western astronomy by correctly predicting the exact time of the eclipse that occurred on June 21, 1629, Schall was given an important official post translating Western astronomical books into chinese and reforming the chinese calendar. His modified calendar provided more accurate predictions of eclipses of the sun and the moon than traditional chinese calendars. In 1645, shortly after the first Qing emperor came to the throne, Schall was asked to make a new calendar, which he based on the 1635 calendar that he had presented to the last Ming emperor. Schall also supervised the imperial Board of Astronomy and was appointed its director, a position that enabled him to gain permission from the emperor for the Jesuits to establish churches and to preach throughout the country. Schall wrote this work to answer questions about the new calendar and to highlight the differences between it and the old chinese calendric calculations. This copy is an 1833 Qing edition and is included in the 150-juan series, Zhao dai cong shu (Collected works of the Qing dynasty). It is in the form of six questions and answers. The questions include: why the new calendar exchanged the positions of zi (turtle beak) and shen (three stars), two of the 28 lunar mansions of the chinese constellations; why, in marking the time of day, the new calendar used the 96-ke-per-day system (1 ke = 15 minutes) instead of 100-ke-per-day as in the old system; and why ziqi, one of the four invisible stars, was eliminated. To strengthen his position and avoid clashes with conservative chinese officials, Schall maintained a tolerant attitude toward chinese traditions, and his calendar retained certain content relating to traditional daily fortune telling. As a consequence, beginning in 1648–49, several missionaries, led by Gabriel de Magalhães, published documents critical of Schall, first for taking an official post, which was considered an act against his vow to the Society of Jesus, and secondly for the content of his calendar, which contained elements of superstition. Schall defended himself in another work, Min li pu zhu jie huo (Detailed notes on the calendar to answer doubts), which he published in 1662 with the help of Father Ferdinand Verbiest. After more than ten years of debate and deliberation, the Catholic Church ruled that the use of Yin and Yang in Schall’s calendar did constitute superstition, but that assuming the directorship of the Bureau of Astronomy promoted missionary work and was thus permissible.
Astronomy, chinese; calendar, chinese; Calendars; Gregorian calendar; Jesuitslicense:Public domain
4title: Wooden geomantic compass and perpetual calendar, Chinese. To Wellcome L0058623
artist: unknown
source: link * Gallery: link * Wellcome Collection gallery (2018-04-06): link [link CC-BY-4.0]
credit: link Gallery: link Wellcome Collection gallery (2018-04-06): link CC-BY-4.0
description:
Wooden geomantic compass and perpetual calendar, chinese. Top detail view.
Wellcome Images
license:
CC BY 4.0
5title: Wooden geomantic compass and perpetual calendar, Chinese. Pl Wellcome L0058624
artist: unknown
source: link * Gallery: link * Wellcome Collection gallery (2018-04-06): link [link CC-BY-4.0]
credit: link Gallery: link Wellcome Collection gallery (2018-04-06): link CC-BY-4.0
description:
Wooden geomantic compass and perpetual calendar, chinese. Plan view detail. Black background.
Wellcome Images
license:
CC BY 4.0
6title: Wooden geomantic compass and perpetual calendar, Chinese. Pl Wellcome L0058625
artist: unknown
source: link * Gallery: link * Wellcome Collection gallery (2018-04-06): link [link CC-BY-4.0]
credit: link Gallery: link Wellcome Collection gallery (2018-04-06): link CC-BY-4.0
description:
Wooden geomantic compass and perpetual calendar, chinese. Plan view, whole object. Black background.
Wellcome Images
license:
CC BY 4.0
7title: Wooden geomantic compass and perpetual calendar, Chinese. De Wellcome L0058626
artist: unknown
source: link * Gallery: link * Wellcome Collection gallery (2018-04-06): link [link CC-BY-4.0]
credit: link Gallery: link Wellcome Collection gallery (2018-04-06): link CC-BY-4.0
description:
Wooden geomantic compass and perpetual calendar, chinese. Detail view of inscription.
Wellcome Images
license:
CC BY 4.0
8title: Wildlife research problems programs progress 1967 activities in the Division of Wildlife Research of the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife for the calendar year 1967. - DPLA - 38c68b9f88d84357a25f0b9d402a4a1f
artist: unknown
date: 1969
credit: This file was contributed to Wikimedia Commons by National Wildlife Research Center as part of a cooperation project. The donation was facilitated by the Digital Public Library of America, via its partner Plains to Peaks Collective. Source record: link DPLA identifier: 38c68b9f88d84357a25f0b9d402a4a1f
license:Public domain
9title: Waterfowl harvest in the United States during the 1960 61 hunting season. - DPLA - b46a6e7f296a128e4ceb942cff233613
artist: unknown
date: 1961
credit: This file was contributed to Wikimedia Commons by National Wildlife Research Center as part of a cooperation project. The donation was facilitated by the Digital Public Library of America, via its partner Plains to Peaks Collective. Source record: link DPLA identifier: b46a6e7f296a128e4ceb942cff233613
license:Public domain
title: Fluctuations in age composition and growth rate of cutthroat trout in Yellowstone Lake. DPLA - 78321ecb1938f21d9e91e2d8ea8bee83
artist: unknown
date: 1961
credit: This file was contributed to Wikimedia Commons by National Wildlife Research Center as part of a cooperation project. The donation was facilitated by the Digital Public Library of America, via its partner Plains to Peaks Collective. Source record: link DPLA identifier: 78321ecb1938f21d9e91e2d8ea8bee83
license:Public domain
