artist: unknown
date: between circa 1414 and circa 1422 <div style="display: none;">date QS:P571,+1450-00-00T00:00:00Z/7,P1319,+1414-00-00T00:00:00Z/9,P1326,+1422-00-00T00:00:00Z/9,P1480,Q5727902</div>
medium: Technique Illumination parchment
current location: Institution:British Library
source: British Library image|url=http://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/FullDisplay.aspx?index=0&ref=Add_MS_42131|shelfmark=|ms-shelfmark=Add MS 18850
credit: This file has been provided by the British Library from its digital collections. It is also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/FullDisplay.aspx?index=0&ref=Add_MS_42131">made available on a British Library website</a>.<br><small>Catalogue entry: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://searcharchives.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/search.do?dscnt=0&frbg=&scp.scps=scope:(BL)&tab=local&srt=rank&ct=search&mode=Basic&dum=true&indx=1&vl(freeText0)=%22Add+MS+18850%22&vid=IAMS_VU2&fn=search">Add MS 18850</a></small>
description: <div class="description"> <u style="background-color:yellow;" class="">calendar</u> page; from BL Add MS 42131, f. 3r (the "Bedford Psalter and Hours"). Held and digitised by the British Library.</div>
license:Public domain
artist: Lei, Yingfa
date: between 1280 and 1368 <div style="display: none;">date QS:P571,+1500-00-00T00:00:00Z/6,P1319,+1280-00-00T00:00:00Z/9,P1326,+1368-00-00T00:00:00Z/9</div>
medium: ru 1=Книги fr 1=Livres en 1=Books zh 1=图书 pt 1=Livros ar 1=كتب es 1=Libros
dimensions: en 1=2 volumes ; 15.6 x 12 centimeters
current location: ru|1=Национальная центральная библиотека fr|1=Bibliothèque centrale nationale en|1=National Central Library zh|1=国立中央图书馆 pt|1=Biblioteca Nacional Central ar|1=المكتبة المركزية الوطنية es|1=Biblioteca Nacional Central
source: http://dl.wdl.org/11406/service/11406.pdf * Gallery: http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11406/
credit: <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://dl.wdl.org/11406/service/11406.pdf">http://dl.wdl.org/11406/service/11406.pdf</a> </p> <ul><li>Gallery: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11406/">http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11406/</a> </li></ul>
description: This <u style="background-color:yellow;" class="">calendar</u> was compiled by Lei Yingfa of the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368). The pocket-size book in two volumes has 66 pages. The paper is a dark yellow; the character type is of the early Yuan dynasty. The surface of the printed pages is blurred and the paper has suffered some damage. The <u style="background-color:yellow;" class="">calendar</u> is based on the 60-year cycle, and records dates by year, month, and day. The title and the name of the compiler appear on the first leaf. The label at the end of the first essay reads <em>Lei shi jin nang</em> (Lei’s pocket <u style="background-color:yellow;" class="">calendar</u>); at the end of the second essay, <em>Jian chi wu jia zhi bao</em> (Priceless treasure of the sword pond); at the end of the third, <em>Yi lan wu yi</em> (Taking in everything in a glance). The work discusses yin and yang, directions and locations, good and bad luck, and the selection of days for assuming an official position, weddings, construction, moving into a new house, and burial. It also discusses <em>jiu gong</em> (nine palaces), the sun, the path of Jupiter, the nine constellations, and <em>dou jian</em> (the Dipper determinant, i.e., the stellar pointer on the handle of the Dipper), an ancient <u style="background-color:yellow;" class="">chinese</u> method of calculating the 24 divisions of the solar year. The <u style="background-color:yellow;" class="">calendar</u> is similar to those of later generations, but its special feature is its small size. Each single page has 12 vertical lines, with 24 characters in each line. Leaves 45–48 are left blank. Since before the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC), the <u style="background-color:yellow;" class="">chinese</u> believed in the influence of the stars and planets on human affairs. Astronomical calendars were used not only to mark times and dates, but to predict good and bad luck and to guide people in their daily activities. Some calendars provided astronomical prognostications to guide the affairs of the state and military. Such calendars were controlled by the imperial court. Other calendars, together with geomancy, were used to predict the fate and fortunes of individuals. This work, a rare extant copy that has several seal impressions, belongs to the latter type. <br>Astrology, <u style="background-color:yellow;" class="">chinese</u>; <u style="background-color:yellow;" class="">calendar</u>, <u style="background-color:yellow;" class="">chinese</u>; Calendars; Divination
license:Public domain
artist: Schall von Bell, Johann Adam, 1592-1666
date: 1833<div style="display: none;">date QS:P571,+1833-00-00T00:00:00Z/9</div>
medium: ru 1=Книги fr 1=Livres en 1=Books zh 1=图书 pt 1=Livros ar 1=كتب es 1=Libros
dimensions: en 1=1 juan in 1 volume
current location: ru|1=Национальная центральная библиотека fr|1=Bibliothèque centrale nationale en|1=National Central Library zh|1=国立中央图书馆 pt|1=Biblioteca Nacional Central ar|1=المكتبة المركزية الوطنية es|1=Biblioteca Nacional Central
source: http://dl.wdl.org/7092/service/7092.pdf * Gallery: http://www.wdl.org/en/item/7092/
credit: <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://dl.wdl.org/7092/service/7092.pdf">http://dl.wdl.org/7092/service/7092.pdf</a> </p> <ul><li>Gallery: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/7092/">http://www.wdl.org/en/item/7092/</a> </li></ul>
description: <em>Xin li xiao huo </em>(Enlightening the bewildered about the new <u style="background-color:yellow;" class="">calendar</u>) is by Tang Ruowang, the <u style="background-color:yellow;" class="">chinese</u> name of Johann Adam Schall von Bell (circa 1592–1666), the German Jesuit missionary and astronomer who became an important adviser to the first emperor of the Qing dynasty. Schall had trained in Rome in the astronomical system of Galileo. He arrived in Macao in 1619, where he studied <u style="background-color:yellow;" class="">chinese</u> and mathematics, and reached the <u style="background-color:yellow;" class="">chinese</u> mainland in 1622. After impressing the <u style="background-color:yellow;" class="">chinese</u> with the superiority of Western astronomy by correctly predicting the exact time of the eclipse that occurred on June 21, 1629, Schall was given an important official post translating Western astronomical books into <u style="background-color:yellow;" class="">chinese</u> and reforming the <u style="background-color:yellow;" class="">chinese</u> <u style="background-color:yellow;" class="">calendar</u>. His modified <u style="background-color:yellow;" class="">calendar</u> provided more accurate predictions of eclipses of the sun and the moon than traditional <u style="background-color:yellow;" class="">chinese</u> calendars. In 1645, shortly after the first Qing emperor came to the throne, Schall was asked to make a new <u style="background-color:yellow;" class="">calendar</u>, which he based on the 1635 <u style="background-color:yellow;" class="">calendar</u> that he had presented to the last Ming emperor. Schall also supervised the imperial Board of Astronomy and was appointed its director, a position that enabled him to gain permission from the emperor for the Jesuits to establish churches and to preach throughout the country. Schall wrote this work to answer questions about the new <u style="background-color:yellow;" class="">calendar</u> and to highlight the differences between it and the old <u style="background-color:yellow;" class="">chinese</u> calendric calculations. This copy is an 1833 Qing edition and is included in the 150-juan series, <em>Zhao dai cong shu</em> (Collected works of the Qing dynasty). It is in the form of six questions and answers. The questions include: why the new <u style="background-color:yellow;" class="">calendar</u> exchanged the positions of <em>zi</em> (turtle beak) and <em>shen</em> (three stars), two of the 28 lunar mansions of the <u style="background-color:yellow;" class="">chinese</u> constellations; why, in marking the time of day, the new <u style="background-color:yellow;" class="">calendar</u> used the 96-<em>ke</em>-per-day system (1<em> ke</em> = 15 minutes) instead of 100-<em>ke</em>-per-day as in the old system; and why <em>ziqi</em>, one of the four invisible stars, was eliminated. To strengthen his position and avoid clashes with conservative <u style="background-color:yellow;" class="">chinese</u> officials, Schall maintained a tolerant attitude toward <u style="background-color:yellow;" class="">chinese</u> traditions, and his <u style="background-color:yellow;" class="">calendar</u> retained certain content relating to traditional daily fortune telling. As a consequence, beginning in 1648–49, several missionaries, led by Gabriel de Magalhães, published documents critical of Schall, first for taking an official post, which was considered an act against his vow to the Society of Jesus, and secondly for the content of his <u style="background-color:yellow;" class="">calendar</u>, which contained elements of superstition. Schall defended himself in another work, <em>Min li pu zhu jie huo</em> (Detailed notes on the <u style="background-color:yellow;" class="">calendar</u> to answer doubts), which he published in 1662 with the help of Father Ferdinand Verbiest. After more than ten years of debate and deliberation, the Catholic Church ruled that the use of Yin and Yang in Schall’s <u style="background-color:yellow;" class="">calendar</u> did constitute superstition, but that assuming the directorship of the Bureau of Astronomy promoted missionary work and was thus permissible. <br>Astronomy, <u style="background-color:yellow;" class="">chinese</u>; <u style="background-color:yellow;" class="">calendar</u>, <u style="background-color:yellow;" class="">chinese</u>; Calendars; Gregorian <u style="background-color:yellow;" class="">calendar</u>; Jesuits
license:Public domain
artist: unknown
source: https://wellcomeimages.org/indexplus/obf_images/0c/89/2d1e942e8fa6e70e2367cf682f30.jpg * Gallery: https://wellcomeimages.org/indexplus/image/L0058623.html * Wellcome Collection gallery (2018-04-06): https://wellcomecollection.org/works/v28tuq5b [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ CC-BY-4.0]
credit: <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://wellcomeimages.org/indexplus/obf_images/0c/89/2d1e942e8fa6e70e2367cf682f30.jpg">https://wellcomeimages.org/indexplus/obf_images/0c/89/2d1e942e8fa6e70e2367cf682f30.jpg</a> </p> <ul> <li>Gallery: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://wellcomeimages.org/indexplus/image/L0058623.html">https://wellcomeimages.org/indexplus/image/L0058623.html</a> </li> <li>Wellcome Collection gallery (2018-04-06): <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://wellcomecollection.org/works/v28tuq5b">https://wellcomecollection.org/works/v28tuq5b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC-BY-4.0</a> </li> </ul>
description: <div class="description"> <p>Wooden geomantic compass and perpetual <u style="background-color:yellow;" class="">calendar</u>, <u style="background-color:yellow;" class="">chinese</u>. Top detail view. </p> <p>Wellcome Images</p> </div>
license:CC BY 4.0
artist: unknown
source: https://wellcomeimages.org/indexplus/obf_images/21/83/a5e50ffa80d369510b18a41a1a5d.jpg * Gallery: https://wellcomeimages.org/indexplus/image/L0058624.html * Wellcome Collection gallery (2018-04-06): https://wellcomecollection.org/works/u3jb4anu [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ CC-BY-4.0]
credit: <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://wellcomeimages.org/indexplus/obf_images/21/83/a5e50ffa80d369510b18a41a1a5d.jpg">https://wellcomeimages.org/indexplus/obf_images/21/83/a5e50ffa80d369510b18a41a1a5d.jpg</a> </p> <ul> <li>Gallery: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://wellcomeimages.org/indexplus/image/L0058624.html">https://wellcomeimages.org/indexplus/image/L0058624.html</a> </li> <li>Wellcome Collection gallery (2018-04-06): <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://wellcomecollection.org/works/u3jb4anu">https://wellcomecollection.org/works/u3jb4anu</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC-BY-4.0</a> </li> </ul>
description: <div class="description"> <p>Wooden geomantic compass and perpetual <u style="background-color:yellow;" class="">calendar</u>, <u style="background-color:yellow;" class="">chinese</u>. Plan view detail. Black background. </p> <p>Wellcome Images</p> </div>
license:CC BY 4.0
artist: unknown
source: https://wellcomeimages.org/indexplus/obf_images/40/e3/ad7bcd858c5f264a2179d0ec4e71.jpg * Gallery: https://wellcomeimages.org/indexplus/image/L0058625.html * Wellcome Collection gallery (2018-04-06): https://wellcomecollection.org/works/phazdv4x [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ CC-BY-4.0]
credit: <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://wellcomeimages.org/indexplus/obf_images/40/e3/ad7bcd858c5f264a2179d0ec4e71.jpg">https://wellcomeimages.org/indexplus/obf_images/40/e3/ad7bcd858c5f264a2179d0ec4e71.jpg</a> </p> <ul> <li>Gallery: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://wellcomeimages.org/indexplus/image/L0058625.html">https://wellcomeimages.org/indexplus/image/L0058625.html</a> </li> <li>Wellcome Collection gallery (2018-04-06): <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://wellcomecollection.org/works/phazdv4x">https://wellcomecollection.org/works/phazdv4x</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC-BY-4.0</a> </li> </ul>
description: <div class="description"> <p>Wooden geomantic compass and perpetual <u style="background-color:yellow;" class="">calendar</u>, <u style="background-color:yellow;" class="">chinese</u>. Plan view, whole object. Black background. </p> <p>Wellcome Images</p> </div>
license:CC BY 4.0
artist: unknown
source: https://wellcomeimages.org/indexplus/obf_images/38/96/dbb78fc24e97e471721c2d0d0cb5.jpg * Gallery: https://wellcomeimages.org/indexplus/image/L0058626.html * Wellcome Collection gallery (2018-04-06): https://wellcomecollection.org/works/x7pcmgtz [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ CC-BY-4.0]
credit: <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://wellcomeimages.org/indexplus/obf_images/38/96/dbb78fc24e97e471721c2d0d0cb5.jpg">https://wellcomeimages.org/indexplus/obf_images/38/96/dbb78fc24e97e471721c2d0d0cb5.jpg</a> </p> <ul> <li>Gallery: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://wellcomeimages.org/indexplus/image/L0058626.html">https://wellcomeimages.org/indexplus/image/L0058626.html</a> </li> <li>Wellcome Collection gallery (2018-04-06): <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://wellcomecollection.org/works/x7pcmgtz">https://wellcomecollection.org/works/x7pcmgtz</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC-BY-4.0</a> </li> </ul>
description: <div class="description"> <p>Wooden geomantic compass and perpetual <u style="background-color:yellow;" class="">calendar</u>, <u style="background-color:yellow;" class="">chinese</u>. Detail view of inscription. </p> <p>Wellcome Images</p> </div>
license:CC BY 4.0
artist: unknown
date: 1969<div style="display: none;">date QS:P571,+1969-00-00T00:00:00Z/9</div>
credit: This file was contributed to Wikimedia Commons by <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q103994453" class="extiw" title="d:Q103994453"><span title="research unit of the USDA-APHIS Wildlife Services program">National Wildlife Research Center</span></a> as part of a cooperation project. The donation was facilitated by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Public_Library_of_America" class="extiw" title="w:Digital Public Library of America">Digital Public Library of America</a>, via its partner Plains to Peaks Collective.<span style="text-align:left"> <ul> <li>Source record: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://nwrc.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p16473coll29/id/5951">http://nwrc.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p16473coll29/id/5951</a> </li> <li>DPLA identifier: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dp.la/item/38c68b9f88d84357a25f0b9d402a4a1f">38c68b9f88d84357a25f0b9d402a4a1f</a> </li> </ul></span>
license:Public domain
artist: unknown
date: 1961<div style="display: none;">date QS:P571,+1961-00-00T00:00:00Z/9</div>
credit: This file was contributed to Wikimedia Commons by <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q103994453" class="extiw" title="d:Q103994453"><span title="research unit of the USDA-APHIS Wildlife Services program">National Wildlife Research Center</span></a> as part of a cooperation project. The donation was facilitated by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Public_Library_of_America" class="extiw" title="w:Digital Public Library of America">Digital Public Library of America</a>, via its partner Plains to Peaks Collective.<span style="text-align:left"> <ul> <li>Source record: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://nwrc.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p16473coll30/id/13880">http://nwrc.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p16473coll30/id/13880</a> </li> <li>DPLA identifier: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dp.la/item/b46a6e7f296a128e4ceb942cff233613">b46a6e7f296a128e4ceb942cff233613</a> </li> </ul></span>
license:Public domain
artist: unknown
date: 1961<div style="display: none;">date QS:P571,+1961-00-00T00:00:00Z/9</div>
credit: This file was contributed to Wikimedia Commons by <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q103994453" class="extiw" title="d:Q103994453"><span title="research unit of the USDA-APHIS Wildlife Services program">National Wildlife Research Center</span></a> as part of a cooperation project. The donation was facilitated by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Public_Library_of_America" class="extiw" title="w:Digital Public Library of America">Digital Public Library of America</a>, via its partner Plains to Peaks Collective.<span style="text-align:left"> <ul> <li>Source record: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://nwrc.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p16473coll28/id/2085">http://nwrc.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p16473coll28/id/2085</a> </li> <li>DPLA identifier: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dp.la/item/78321ecb1938f21d9e91e2d8ea8bee83">78321ecb1938f21d9e91e2d8ea8bee83</a> </li> </ul></span>
license:Public domain

