title: Commercial Agreement (Slave Trade)

artist: unknown

date: between 1500 and 1900 <div style="display: none;">date QS:P571,+1500-00-00T00:00:00Z/6,P1319,+1500-00-00T00:00:00Z/9,P1326,+1900-00-00T00:00:00Z/9</div>

medium: ru 1=Рукописи fr 1=Manuscrits en 1=Manuscripts zh 1=手稿 pt 1=Manuscritos ar 1=مخطوطات es 1=Manuscritos

current location: ru|1=Мемориальная библиотека Мамма Хайдара fr|1=Bibliothèque commémorative Mamma Haidara en|1=Mamma Haidara Commemorative Library zh|1=海达拉家族纪念图书馆 pt|1=Biblioteca Comemorativa Mamma Haidara ar|1=مكتبة ماما حيدرة التذكارية es|1=Colección Conmemorativa Mamma Haidara

source: http://dl.wdl.org/9670/service/9670.pdf * Gallery: http://www.wdl.org/en/item/9670/

credit: <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://dl.wdl.org/9670/service/9670.pdf">http://dl.wdl.org/9670/service/9670.pdf</a> </p> <ul><li>Gallery: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/9670/">http://www.wdl.org/en/item/9670/</a> </li></ul>

description: Timbuktu (present-day Tombouctou in Mali), founded around 1100 as a commercial center for trade across the Sahara Desert, was also an important seat of <u style="background-color:yellow;" class="">islamic</u> learning from the 14th century onward. The libraries there contain many important manuscripts, in different styles of Arabic scripts, which were written and copied by Timbuktu’s scribes and scholars. These works constitute the city’s most famous and long-lasting contribution to <u style="background-color:yellow;" class="">islamic</u> and world civilization. <em>Wathīqah Tijārīyah</em> (Commercial agreement) is a contract among <u style="background-color:yellow;" class="">merchants</u> involved in the sale and transportation of slaves between Timbuktu and Ghadames, an ancient oasis town in western Libya. <br>Arabic calligraphy; Arabic manuscripts; Contracts; <u style="background-color:yellow;" class="">islamic</u> manuscripts; Slavery; Timbuktu manuscripts

title: <div class="fn"> "The Merchant and his Accomplice Carry Away Goods", Folio from a Kalila wa Dimna</div>

artist: unknown

date: 18^th century <div style="display: none;">date QS:P571,+1750-00-00T00:00:00Z/7</div>

medium: Ink and opaque watercolor on paper

dimensions: 12.5 in. high 8.87 in. wide (31.8 cm high 22.6 cm wide)

current location: Institution:Metropolitan Museum of Art

source: https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/453067 Template:TheMet

credit: This file was donated to Wikimedia Commons as part of a project by the <a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Met" title="Commons:Met">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>. See the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://metmuseum.org/about-the-met/policies-and-documents/image-resources">Image and Data Resources Open Access Policy</a>

title: <div class="fn"> The Thieves on the Roof Awaken the Merchant", Folio from a Kalila wa Dimna</div>

artist: unknown

date: 18^th century <div style="display: none;">date QS:P571,+1750-00-00T00:00:00Z/7</div>

medium: Ink and opaque watercolor on paper

dimensions: 12.5 in. high 8.87 in. wide (31.8 cm high 22.6 cm wide)

current location: Institution:Metropolitan Museum of Art

source: https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/453070 Template:TheMet

credit: This file was donated to Wikimedia Commons as part of a project by the <a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Met" title="Commons:Met">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>. See the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://metmuseum.org/about-the-met/policies-and-documents/image-resources">Image and Data Resources Open Access Policy</a>

title: <div class="fn"> "The Merchant Listens to the Workman Playing Cymbals", Folio from a Kalila wa Dimna</div>

artist: unknown

date: 18^th century <div style="display: none;">date QS:P571,+1750-00-00T00:00:00Z/7</div>

medium: Ink and opaque watercolor on paper

dimensions: 12.5 in. high 8.87 in. wide (31.8 cm high 22.6 cm wide)

current location: Institution:Metropolitan Museum of Art

source: https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/453074 Template:TheMet

credit: This file was donated to Wikimedia Commons as part of a project by the <a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Met" title="Commons:Met">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>. See the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://metmuseum.org/about-the-met/policies-and-documents/image-resources">Image and Data Resources Open Access Policy</a>

title: <div class="fn"> "The Merchant Listens to the Workman Playing Cymbals", Folio from a Kalila wa Dimna</div>

artist: unknown

date: 18^th century <div style="display: none;">date QS:P571,+1750-00-00T00:00:00Z/7</div>

medium: Ink and opaque watercolor on paper

dimensions: 12.5 in. high 8.87 in. wide (31.8 cm high 22.6 cm wide)

current location: Institution:Metropolitan Museum of Art

source: https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/453074 Template:TheMet

credit: This file was donated to Wikimedia Commons as part of a project by the <a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Met" title="Commons:Met">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>. See the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://metmuseum.org/about-the-met/policies-and-documents/image-resources">Image and Data Resources Open Access Policy</a>

title: <div class="fn"> Hitching Post</div>

artist: unknown

date: 1200<div style="display: none;">date QS:P571,+1200-00-00T00:00:00Z/9</div>

medium: Limestone

dimensions: Overall: 62.9 x 65.8 cm (24 3/4 x 25 7/8 in.)

current location: institution:Cleveland Museum of Art

source: https://clevelandart.org/art/1944.481

credit: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://clevelandart.org/art/1944.481">https://clevelandart.org/art/1944.481</a>

description: <div class="description"> Two powerful lions appear to guard the central hitching ledge to which travelers and <u style="background-color:yellow;" class="">merchants</u> could secure their horses and other animals, possibly at a caravanserai, predecessor of the modern motel, located along trade routes such as the Silk Road. Animals and human figures are often represented in art made in <u style="background-color:yellow;" class="">islamic</u> countries, but they are not portrayed on items associated with the Muslim faith -- the Koran, mosques, and prayer rugs.</div>

title: <div class="fn"> Silk with Dogs and Birds amid Vines</div>

artist: unknown

date: 1350<div style="display: none;">date QS:P571,+1350-00-00T00:00:00Z/9</div>

medium: Silk, gold thread; a combination of two weaves, 2/1 twill and plain weave (lampas)

dimensions: Overall: 20.7 x 34.7 cm (8 1/8 x 13 11/16 in.)

current location: institution:Cleveland Museum of Art

source: https://clevelandart.org/art/1977.14

credit: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://clevelandart.org/art/1977.14">https://clevelandart.org/art/1977.14</a>

description: <div class="description"> <p>Silks from China and the <u style="background-color:yellow;" class="">islamic</u> Near East introduced radically new designs with asymmetry and exotic animals around 1300, which Italian silk designers incorporated in an international style to compete with imports from the East. These large palmette leaves were adapted from <u style="background-color:yellow;" class="">islamic</u> silks whereas the recumbent deer, birds, and dogs (visible at the bottom) were popular Italian motifs. </p> <p>Textiles were lucrative commercial commodities during the Middle Ages. Intrepid Italian <u style="background-color:yellow;" class="">merchants</u> traveled by land and sea to China, Mongolia, India, and the <u style="background-color:yellow;" class="">islamic</u> Near East, led by the maritime </p> republics of Venice and Genoa. The renowned Venetian, Marco Polo, published his overland journey across Asia to China in 1265.</div>

title: <div class="fn"> Bahram Gur Arrives at the House of a Merchant, text page (recto), from a Shahnama (Book of Kings) of Firdausi (940-1019 or 1025), known as the Great Mongol Shahnama</div>

artist: unknown

date: 1330<div style="display: none;">date QS:P571,+1330-00-00T00:00:00Z/9</div>

medium: Opaque watercolor, ink, and gold on paper

dimensions: Sheet: 45.8 x 34.4 cm (18 1/16 x 13 9/16 in.); Image: 19.5 x 29.5 cm (7 11/16 x 11 5/8 in.); Text area: 41 x 29.5 cm (16 1/8 x 11 5/8 in.)

current location: institution:Cleveland Museum of Art

source: https://clevelandart.org/art/1943.658.a

credit: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://clevelandart.org/art/1943.658.a">https://clevelandart.org/art/1943.658.a</a>

description: <div class="description"> In this intense painting, Bahram Gur plunges his sword into the chest of a dragon. A favorite character from Iran's pre-<u style="background-color:yellow;" class="">islamic</u> history, Bahram Gur (r. 420–38) was a popular ruler of the Sasanian dynasty and a great hunter. He took the name "Gur," meaning onager (a wild ass), because it was his preferred game, although he also excelled at killing dragons. As seen in this illustration's rock formations, tree trunk, and dragon, Iranian painting in the Mongol period borrowed numerous stylistic and spatial elements from Chinese models. With the surging landscape and writhing dragon rendered with equal energy, this is a picture of extraordinary unity and concentration.</div>

title: <div class="fn"> Hitching Post</div>

artist: unknown

date: 1200s <div style="display: none;">date QS:P571,+1200-00-00T00:00:00Z/8</div>

medium: Limestone

dimensions: Overall: 62.9 x 65.8 cm (24 3/4 x 25 7/8 in.)

current location: institution:Cleveland Museum of Art

source: https://clevelandart.org/art/1944.481

credit: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://clevelandart.org/art/1944.481">https://clevelandart.org/art/1944.481</a>

description: <div class="description"> Two powerful lions appear to guard the central hitching ledge to which travelers and <u style="background-color:yellow;" class="">merchants</u> could secure their horses and other animals, possibly at a caravanserai, predecessor of the modern motel, located along trade routes such as the Silk Road. Animals and human figures are often represented in art made in <u style="background-color:yellow;" class="">islamic</u> countries, but they are not portrayed on items associated with the Muslim faith -- the Koran, mosques, and prayer rugs.</div>

title: <div class="fn"> Silk with Dogs and Birds amid Vines</div>

artist: unknown

date: 1350-1400

medium: Silk, gold thread; a combination of two weaves, 2/1 twill and plain weave (lampas)

dimensions: Overall: 20.7 x 34.7 cm (8 1/8 x 13 11/16 in.)

current location: institution:Cleveland Museum of Art

source: https://clevelandart.org/art/1977.14

credit: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://clevelandart.org/art/1977.14">https://clevelandart.org/art/1977.14</a>

description: <div class="description"> <p>Silks from China and the <u style="background-color:yellow;" class="">islamic</u> Near East introduced radically new designs with asymmetry and exotic animals around 1300, which Italian silk designers incorporated in an international style to compete with imports from the East. These large palmette leaves were adapted from <u style="background-color:yellow;" class="">islamic</u> silks whereas the recumbent deer, birds, and dogs (visible at the bottom) were popular Italian motifs. </p> <p>Textiles were lucrative commercial commodities during the Middle Ages. Intrepid Italian <u style="background-color:yellow;" class="">merchants</u> traveled by land and sea to China, Mongolia, India, and the <u style="background-color:yellow;" class="">islamic</u> Near East, led by the maritime </p> republics of Venice and Genoa. The renowned Venetian, Marco Polo, published his overland journey across Asia to China in 1265.</div>