title: Bihari Qur'an

artist: unknown

date: between 1400 and 1525 <div style="display: none;">date QS:P571,+1500-00-00T00:00:00Z/6,P1319,+1400-00-00T00:00:00Z/9,P1326,+1525-00-00T00:00:00Z/9</div>

medium: ru 1=Рукописи fr 1=Manuscrits en 1=Manuscripts zh 1=手稿 pt 1=Manuscritos ar 1=مخطوطات es 1=Manuscritos

dimensions: en 1=55.5 x 36.6 centimeters

current location: ru|1=Библиотека Конгресса fr|1=Bibliothèque du Congrès en|1=Library of Congress zh|1=国会图书馆 pt|1=Biblioteca do Congresso ar|1=مكتبة الكونغرس es|1=Biblioteca del Congreso

source: http://dl.wdl.org/6783/service/6783.pdf * Gallery: http://www.wdl.org/en/item/6783/

credit: <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://dl.wdl.org/6783/service/6783.pdf">http://dl.wdl.org/6783/service/6783.pdf</a> </p> <ul><li>Gallery: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/6783/">http://www.wdl.org/en/item/6783/</a> </li></ul>

description: This folio contains, on the right side, verses 2–8 of <em>Surat al-Kahf</em> (The cave) of the Qur'an and, on the left side, verses 67–70 of the <em>Surat Bani Isra'il </em>(The children of Israel), also known as <em>Surat al-Isra'</em> (The night journey). The text is in <u style="background-color:yellow;" class="">arabic</u> with interlinear Persian translation in red ink. The borders include a commentary in Persian, written in black ink and laid out diagonally in the margin. On the rightmost margin of the verso appears a note cross-referenced to the sixth <em>ayah </em>(verse) of Surat al-Kahf. The commentary elaborates on the meaning of the verse. In this fragment, only a commentary is given in the margin. Other bihari Qur'ans bear double margins containing both a commentary and alternative readings of certain words in the text. The right side of the folio contains a small catchword written diagonally in black in the lower left corner, used to bind the folios in the correct sequence. The ayah markers consist of eight-petal rosettes outlined in black, with a square gold-leaf center and eight blue dots on their outer edges. The fragment is written in a script known as bihari, a variant of naskh (cursive) typical of northern India after the conquest by Timur (Tamerlane) and prior to the establishment of the Mughal Dynasty. Bihari script is recognizable by its emphasis on the sub-linear elements of the <u style="background-color:yellow;" class="">arabic</u> <u style="background-color:yellow;" class="">letter</u> forms, thickened at their centers and chiseled like swords at their ends. The term bihari derives from the province Bihar in eastern India, but its alternative spelling (bahari) also may refer to the size (bahar) of the paper used for <u style="background-color:yellow;" class="">writing</u> Qur'ans. Most Qur'ans written in bihari script use strong orange or red and blue colors for illuminated motifs, as well as for the main body of the text. This fragment repeats lines in the following manner: one line of gold, two lines of black, one line of blue, two lines of black, one line of gold. Bihari Qur'ans often include a note next to each chapter heading explaining its value and how many times it should be read. This fragment also specifies the total number of words and letters in each chapter. <br><u style="background-color:yellow;" class="">arabic</u> calligraphy; Illuminations; Islamic calligraphy; Islamic manuscripts; Koran

title: Bismillah and Qur'anic Verse (81:1-14)

artist: unknown

date: between 1300 and 1399 <div style="display: none;">date QS:P571,+1350-00-00T00:00:00Z/7,P1319,+1300-00-00T00:00:00Z/9,P1326,+1399-00-00T00:00:00Z/9</div>

medium: ru 1=Рукописи fr 1=Manuscrits en 1=Manuscripts zh 1=手稿 pt 1=Manuscritos ar 1=مخطوطات es 1=Manuscritos

dimensions: en 1=22.2 x 14.5 centimeters

current location: ru|1=Библиотека Конгресса fr|1=Bibliothèque du Congrès en|1=Library of Congress zh|1=国会图书馆 pt|1=Biblioteca do Congresso ar|1=مكتبة الكونغرس es|1=Biblioteca del Congreso

source: http://dl.wdl.org/6793.png * Gallery: http://www.wdl.org/en/item/6793/

credit: <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://dl.wdl.org/6793.png">http://dl.wdl.org/6793.png</a> </p> <ul><li>Gallery: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/6793/">http://www.wdl.org/en/item/6793/</a> </li></ul>

description: This Qur'anic fragment includes the <em>bismillah</em> (In the name of God) and verses 1–14 of surah (chapter) 81, <em>al-Takwir</em> (The folding up). These verses constitute some of the most graphic descriptions in the Qur'an of Doomsday and the associated reversal of natural phenomena. The sun folds up, stars fall from the sky, mountains vanish, oceans boil over, and a blazing fire is kindled. Souls are sorted out and men’s deeds weighed so that “each soul may know what it has put forward” (81:14). The fragment shows a collector’s interest in preserving only verses 81:1–14, which present a complete picture of the eschatology. Neither the chapter’s title nor its subsequent verses, which move on to a different topic, is preserved. The calligraphy is in brown ink on its original laminated beige folio, with multicolored frames and blue-purple borders pasted rather clumsily. The calligraphy is executed in rayhani script, a <u style="background-color:yellow;" class="">writing</u> style most closely associated with master calligrapher Yaqut al-Musta'simi (died 1298) and Qur'ans produced in Iran during the 13th and 14th centuries. The script is related to other cursive styles, in particular naskh and muhaqqaq. In contrast to these scripts, the sub-linear letters here display less depth of curve below the line, are more angular, and point to the left. Diacritical marks are executed with a finer pen than the letters; as seen in this fragment, these marks are much smaller, thinner, and in a lighter brown color than the letters on the main line of script. The verses are separated by <em>ayah</em> (verse) markers of simple gold circles outlined in dark brown ink. Above the verses appear a variety of recitation marks, mostly in red ink. Other marks in sloppy blue ink appear on the third line to elongate the “a” sound or add the last <u style="background-color:yellow;" class="">letter</u> “s” to the truncated word “souls.” These added marks show that the fragment was used throughout the centuries. <br><u style="background-color:yellow;" class="">arabic</u> calligraphy; Illuminations; Islamic calligraphy; Islamic manuscripts; Judgment Day; Koran

title: <div class="fn"> Charlotte, North Carolina City Directory [1918]</div>

artist: unknown

date: 1918<div style="display: none;">date QS:P571,+1918-00-00T00:00:00Z/9</div>

current location: Institution|wikidata=Q192334

source: DPLA| Q192334 |hub=North Carolina Digital Heritage Center|url=https://lib.digitalnc.org/record/25467|dpla_id=9e0f95a3e4db02b3665c5c7e2e93d310|local_id=C971.60 C47d v.20(1918); b3246815

credit: This file was contributed to Wikimedia Commons by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill" class="extiw" title="w:en:University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill</a> as part of a cooperation project. The donation was facilitated by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Public_Library_of_America" class="extiw" title="w:Digital Public Library of America">Digital Public Library of America</a>, via its partner North Carolina Digital Heritage Center.<span style="text-align:left"> <ul> <li>University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill identifier: C971.60 C47d v.20(1918); b3246815</li> <li>Source record: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://lib.digitalnc.org/record/25467">https://lib.digitalnc.org/record/25467</a> </li> <li>DPLA identifier: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dp.la/item/9e0f95a3e4db02b3665c5c7e2e93d310">9e0f95a3e4db02b3665c5c7e2e93d310</a> </li> </ul></span>

title: <div class="fn"> Charlotte, North Carolina City Directory [1925]</div>

artist: unknown

date: 1925<div style="display: none;">date QS:P571,+1925-00-00T00:00:00Z/9</div>

current location: Institution|wikidata=Q192334

source: DPLA| Q192334 |hub=North Carolina Digital Heritage Center|url=https://lib.digitalnc.org/record/25446|dpla_id=cacabdfaf7b2f7bafe7c9cbb54ecbaf9|local_id=C971.60 C47d 1911-1928 v.25(1925); b3246815

credit: This file was contributed to Wikimedia Commons by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill" class="extiw" title="w:en:University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill</a> as part of a cooperation project. The donation was facilitated by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Public_Library_of_America" class="extiw" title="w:Digital Public Library of America">Digital Public Library of America</a>, via its partner North Carolina Digital Heritage Center.<span style="text-align:left"> <ul> <li>University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill identifier: C971.60 C47d 1911-1928 v.25(1925); b3246815</li> <li>Source record: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://lib.digitalnc.org/record/25446">https://lib.digitalnc.org/record/25446</a> </li> <li>DPLA identifier: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dp.la/item/cacabdfaf7b2f7bafe7c9cbb54ecbaf9">cacabdfaf7b2f7bafe7c9cbb54ecbaf9</a> </li> </ul></span>

title: <div class="fn"> Charlotte, North Carolina City Directory [1926]</div>

artist: unknown

date: 1926<div style="display: none;">date QS:P571,+1926-00-00T00:00:00Z/9</div>

current location: Institution|wikidata=Q192334

source: DPLA| Q192334 |hub=North Carolina Digital Heritage Center|url=https://lib.digitalnc.org/record/25427|dpla_id=994ffbd7ac0d277218565314126088b5|local_id=b3246815; C971.60 C47d

credit: This file was contributed to Wikimedia Commons by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill" class="extiw" title="w:en:University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill</a> as part of a cooperation project. The donation was facilitated by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Public_Library_of_America" class="extiw" title="w:Digital Public Library of America">Digital Public Library of America</a>, via its partner North Carolina Digital Heritage Center.<span style="text-align:left"> <ul> <li>University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill identifier: b3246815; C971.60 C47d</li> <li>Source record: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://lib.digitalnc.org/record/25427">https://lib.digitalnc.org/record/25427</a> </li> <li>DPLA identifier: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dp.la/item/994ffbd7ac0d277218565314126088b5">994ffbd7ac0d277218565314126088b5</a> </li> </ul></span>

title: <div class="fn"> Charlotte, North Carolina City Directory [1922]</div>

artist: unknown

date: 1922<div style="display: none;">date QS:P571,+1922-00-00T00:00:00Z/9</div>

current location: Institution|wikidata=Q1783178

source: DPLA| Q1783178 |hub=North Carolina Digital Heritage Center|url=https://lib.digitalnc.org/record/25430|dpla_id=98521e6078d3196cc020baf4df79b982|local_id=F264.C4 A17 V.23 1922

credit: This file was contributed to Wikimedia Commons by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:University_of_North_Carolina_at_Charlotte" class="extiw" title="w:en:University of North Carolina at Charlotte">University of North Carolina at Charlotte</a> as part of a cooperation project. The donation was facilitated by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Public_Library_of_America" class="extiw" title="w:Digital Public Library of America">Digital Public Library of America</a>, via its partner North Carolina Digital Heritage Center.<span style="text-align:left"> <ul> <li>University of North Carolina at Charlotte identifier: F264.C4 A17 V.23 1922</li> <li>Source record: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://lib.digitalnc.org/record/25430">https://lib.digitalnc.org/record/25430</a> </li> <li>DPLA identifier: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dp.la/item/98521e6078d3196cc020baf4df79b982">98521e6078d3196cc020baf4df79b982</a> </li> </ul></span>